Nation-states and colonial regimes have historically managed diversity Essay - 1

Nation-states and colonial regimes have historically managed diversity while creating further diversity in the process. Explain some of these tensions - Essay Example ular media, scholarly literature, professional journals and many more, it is a multifaceted expression, and thus, there is no single definition of diversity. The dictionary definition of diversity is â€Å"a state of unlikeness† or â€Å"the condition of being different.† For many, diversity means inclusion, gender, or racial differences. Since we are all different, diversity is a term that includes everyone. In this essay, diversity refers to individual, group and cultural differences. A nation-state is an independent state in which the majority of the citizens are united by factors such as common descent and language, which are factors that define a nation. JurgenOsterhammel (2005) as â€Å"a relationship between the majority who are indigenous and the foreign invaders who are the minority†, on the other hand, defines colonialism. In the pursuit of interests, the colonial rulers make and implement the fundamental decisions that affect the lives of the colonized people. History has that many examples of colonial regimes rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population exist. This end up forcing the colonized population believes that the colonizers are the superior. Unsurprisingly, this rejection leads to tensions within the diverse population. A concept that has been propagated to respond and manage the issue of diversity is multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is the ideology of embracing diversity in cultures and formulation of policies to protect the existence of different orientations in a population (Long, 1997). It is all about making people in a society to preserve their different cultures. The idea of multiculturalism is manifested in the approach used to propagate and champion for it. Advocacy groups are formed to push for recognition of the right of people to uphold and practice their culture and religion. Another way it comes out is by creating of policies that promote diversity of cultures. The concept is opposed to the integration of

A comparative study of the ways in which Richard Cameron and Thomas :: English Literature

A comparative study of the ways in which Richard Cameron and Thomas Hardy apportion justice and sympathy towards the male characters. In 'Can't stand up for falling down' Cameron is looking at the boundaries of drama and braking them, most of the play consists of monologues, we are told of events by the female characters rather then, as is traditional in theatre, being shown them. Cameron uses this to form an intimacy between the audience and the female characters, allowing the audience to empathise with them, justify their actions and isolate the male characters. In contrast to this Hardy, in the novel, uses his authorial voice to try and manipulate the reader's sympathies and sense of justice whereas Cameron, although he tries to guide the audience, ultimately leaves them to decide upon their own opinions. The way the writers describe their characters form the basis of how they are perceived and influences whether the readers and audience want to bring them to justice or sympathise with them. Thomas Hardy is a very dramatic writer and conjures up scenes in the mind's eye of his readers. In the novel 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles' Hardy describes Alec and Angel's physical and personal characteristics making them more rounded characters and allowing the reader the ability to form complex emotions about them such as sympathy. Hardy uses the over spiritualised Angel to personify the average 'new' 1890's man. He rejects Christianity and embraces logic rather then the sensual. He therefore falls prey to his emotions. He sees Tess as a thing of beauty and idealises her, portraying in his mind and convincing himself that she is a perfect goddess; therefore he does not love her for who she really is. Angel's character is presented as being gentle with Tess and interested in her thoughts rather then just her looks, which is in direct contrast to Alec. All we had heard about Tess previously from the other characters in the novel is that "her fortune is in her face." but Tess wants to be accepted for herself and Angel encourages her without pushing her. "You sir can raise up dreams with your music and drive all such horrid fancies away." Hardy shows this as Tess's belief about Angel as her saviour. This description is in direct comparison to Hardy's original description of it as "dim and flattened" showing that whilst Tess is easily pleased by Angel, Hardy is not so; this encourages the readers into Hardy's own view. In 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles' Alec is presented as a moustache-curling, melodramatic, cardboard-cut-out villain. Hardy uses him to represent both the unjust differences between the treatment of women and stereotyping of women in what was perceived to be an new

Bycatch Overfishing Regulations And Recovery Environmental Sciences Essay

One of the most urgent issues impacting piscaries today is finding methods of cut downing by-catch and keeping sustainable stocks. In this paper the author will try to specify by-catch and discourse the Torahs regulating the pattern. The author will besides discourse the commercial and recreational parts to the province of duress of the ocean Waterss. Fishing patterns and methods of cut downing the sum of by-catch will besides be discussed. Without the cooperation of fishermen, province, federal, and world-wide authoritiess many species of water bird and fish will non last. Harmonizing to McCaughran by-catch is that ‘portion of the gimmick returned to the sea as a consequence of economic, legal or personal considerations, plus the maintained gimmick of non-targeted species ‘ ( McCaughtan 1 ) . Bycatch are fish, water bird, or Marine mammals that are caught by the way in all types of piscary cogwheel. They are caught because they are unable to travel fast plenty to get away or they may be attracted to the come-on. There are many marauders in the ocean but we are the most unsafe marauders in the H2O. We are unsafe because â€Å" we are limited merely by the bounds we set ourselves † ( Hinman 3 ) . We choose non to put bounds for ourselves that insure the sustainability of our oceans therefore these criterions must be set for us. These bounds are set so we can avoid the â€Å" calamity of the parks † ( Wallace 1 ) . Puting these bounds is the duty of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) and the National Mar ine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) . The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservatory Act in 1976 created eight councils to rede NMFS on regional issues on piscary direction. The jurisprudence claimed the Waterss within 200 stat mis of the seashore as the ownership of the United States but it neglected to set up any control over overfishing or habitat loss ( Safina ) . This act was amended in 1996 to include home grounds and overfishing. On January 6, 2004, a concluding regulation was submitted that stated: â€Å" National criterion 9 ( NS9 ) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as amended by the Stainable Fisheries Act requires that fishery direction programs include preservation and direction steps that shall, to the extent operable, minimise by-catch and to the extent by-catch can non be avoided, minimise the mortality of such by-catch. Implementing by-catch decrease device ( BRD ) demands for the eastern Gulf of Mexico would lend to run intoing that demand † ( Federal Register 2004 ) . An extra amendment was added in 2007 that requires that one-year gimmick bounds and Marine protected countries ( MPAs ) be established ( NOAA Economics ) . The Sustainable Fisheries Act requires that when a stock does non run into the sustainable output a compulsory recovery program which includes a list of overfished species must be proposed ( Safina ) . Some of the reforms have been met with resistance by fisherman and with optimism by environmentalist. Fishermans sometimes stand to lose money with the execution of new regulations and ordinances. The commercial fishing industry in 2007 was estimated to be a $ 28 billion a twelvemonth industry. An extra $ 25 billion a twelvemonth was spent on recreational Marine fishing and activities ( NOAA Economics ) . The mark and by-catch species depends on where you are in the universe. What may be the mark species in the Gulf of Mexico may be the by-catch species in other countries. As new engineering has been introduced into the fishing industry more fish have been caught utilizing gillnets, bag Seines, long lines, runt spiller and other methods. Fig. 1. Most seafood in the U.S. is caught utilizing cyberspaces dragged behind boats, such as bag Seines, spiller and dredges ( NMFS, 2009 ) . This cogwheel enabled fishermen to catch the mark species and anything else in the Waterss. In 1994 the estimated by-catch was 19.9 and 39.5 million dozenss of cast-off fish. A new estimation 10 old ages subsequently utilizing a new methodological analysis was much lower at 7.3 million dozenss. The cast-off sum is approximately 20 % to 25 % of the entire crop ( Wui 1 ) . These Numberss show that a big part of the universe gimmick is discarded ( Davies et Al. 205 ) . By-catch can besides be defined as â€Å" that portion of the gaining control that is discarded at sea, dead ( or injured to an extent that decease is the consequence ) † ( Hall 206 ) . Catch may be discarded because of size, species, sex, or mortality. Other grounds are the gimmick may non be the right species, the quota has been reached, or they may be an illegal gimmick. The runt spiller piscaries show the greatest sum of by-catch. These Numberss differ depending on the beginning and the method of computation. Some estimate the Numberss to be every bit high as 35 % for the universe gimmick ( Baum ) . Bycatch consist of sea polo-necks, juvenile species of ruddy center, Spanish mackerel, topographic point, croaker, beams, bluish pediculosis pubis and many other species. In the 1970 ‘s the ratio of by-catch to shrimp was 10 lbs bycatch to one lb of runt. Bycatch decrease devices ( BRDs ) have been mandated on runt spiller in the Gulf of Mexico. A BRD allows finfish and other by the way caught beings to get away. From 1992 to 1994 there was a decrease of four lbs of by-catch to one lb of runt ( Robert ) . Shrimp spiller besides have turtle excluder devices ( TED ) fitted in them to let sea polo-necks to get away. Data shows that with these devices in the runt trawls the sum of some by-catch has been significantly reduced ( Robert ) . The devices have allowed a partial recovery of ruddy center, Spanish mackerel, king mackerel, and Atlantic croaker ( Louisiana Fisheries ) . Fig. 2. Two versions of runt spiller with BRDs. ( Fuls 16-18 ) Bycatch is inevitable, even with the usage of BDRs. Data shows that there have been around 450 taxa documented as incidental gimmicks in shrimp spiller. Attempts have been made to diminish the mortality of by-catch. One scheme was to integrate a fish oculus in the cyberspaces to let for fish flight. Fishermans besides could better the handling and release of the gimmick. The runt spiller is a type of cogwheel that continues to be studied and improved.Species – English NamePercentage of Total CatchLongspined scup 15 Brown runt 9 Atlantic croaker 9 Inshore lizardfish 6 Pink runt 3 Gulf butterfish 3 Lesser blue crab 2 White runt 2 Longspined swimming crab 2 Brown stone runt 2Table 1 – Top 10 species found in Gulf of Mexico runt spiller gimmicks ( Clucas 6 ) .Another type of angling cogwheel that continually produces high Numberss of by-catch is the different types of gill cyberspaces or miring cyberspaces. Driftnets have been called the â€Å" walls of decease † because big Numberss of non-target fish, marine mammals and sea birds become entangled in them ( Hinman 3 ) .Fig. 3. Beginning: Drift Net ( FAO-Fish 222 ) .Drift cyberspaces come in all sizes and lengths but the United Nations banned cyberspaces over 1.5 stat mis long in 1993, Data has shown that they catch legion mahimahis, sea polo-necks, and other blowers. There mark species is normally swordfish in the Atlantic but they besides catch tunas and sharks. Other finfish such as ocean sunfish, bluefin, giants, tuna, beams and others are besides caught by longlines. When animate beings are entangled in these cyberspaces it is about ever fatal. Some cyberspaces have pingers attached to alarm unsuspicious quarry ( Martin 213 ) . Although some net fishing is still used the drift net piscary has been closed since 1996 ( NMFS 54 ) . Fig.4 Longline fishing cogwheel. The usage of longlines allows fishermen to catch a assortment of species. The come-on from the lines attracts sea birds, polo-necks, and other species of fish. Many ocean birds eatage in countries where there are longline piscaries. The millstone has seen a diminution in population due to being caught on longline maulers. Longlines may be two or more stat mis long and have 100s of baited maulerss. These lines may travel unbridled for 24 hours ensuing in a high mortality rate for the gimmick. Once the birds are caught there is no manner for them to get away. Since they reproduce late in life and have a low fruitfulness they have become a threatened species ( Lewison 743 ) . The millstone has experienced a lessening in population due to longlines ( Hall 214 ) . It is hard to quantify the loss of millstone due to a deficiency of an perceiver plans. Other beings are affected by longlines. The sum of cast-off species in longlines in 1996 was estimated to be † 196.6 metric dozenss of bluish marlin, 67.6 metric dozenss of white marlin, and 71.6 metric dozenss of sailfish † . ( NOAA 54-55 ) . The grounds for high Numberss of by-catch are that the gimmick may non be the targeted species, it may be an illegal gimmick or it may non run into the legal size. The swordfish population has become stressed because of cyberspaces and longlines. In 1996 there were 579 dozenss of swordfish discarded. The Atlantic gar, a prized diversion fish, is frequently the by-catch of longlines. NMFS has enacted a program that protects this fish. The leader of a vas that hooks a billfish must let go of the fish every bit shortly as possible without taking the fish from the H2O ( NOAA 54 ) . One can non discourse by-catch without discoursing overfishing. Overfishing is the procedure of taking fish faster than they can refill themselves ( Gulfbase ) . The utmost sums of by-catch leads to overfishing. If the sum of by-catch is non reduced so stocks will go overfished. In many countries attempt decrease of the targeted and nontargeted species is attractive ( Wui 2 ) . The ruddy center may non retrieve unless there are bounds placed on the shrimping industry ; because the juvenile ruddy center is the by-catch of runt spiller ( Wallace 84 ) . Bycatch decrease must be taken earnestly by the universe population. An country of concern in the subject of by gimmick and overfishing is that of the megafauna. Much of the megafauna by-catch has no economic value and has a high mortality rate. Having no manner to find the figure of beings that are being discarded, these stocks can worsen over clip without sensing. ( Lewison 588 ) . Leting the continued decrease in figure of anchor marauders such as billfish, sharks, bluefin tuna, bluish marlin, and swordfish will doubtless change the nutrient ironss. With fewer marauders there will be more quarry in the nutrient web. Harmonizing to Pauley if this continues we could see the prostration of some piscaries ( Hinman 2 ) . Alternatively of seeking to pull off one species the full ecosystem needs to be managed. We seem to be concerned about the big animate beings and non the animate beings they feed on. The remotion of one tropic degree will impact all degrees. Removing the larger and older species that by and large have a long lifetime and reproduce tardi ly in life will hold a annihilating consequence on the nutrient concatenation. Attempts are being made to seek to cut down the sum of by-catch in the fishing industry. Many fish would hold a higher endurance rate if they were released at a deepness related to their normal home ground. Fishermans are maintaining day-to-day logbook studies, utilizing unit of ammunition hooks alternatively of the traditional maulers, and utilizing pingers on cyberspaces. Other attempts proposed are to set up no-longlining zones, limit the figure of maulers allowed, and count dead discards against the fishermen as an inducement for set downing allowances ( Hinman 4 ) . Practices suggested to protect water bird would be to attach streamers to the lines to discourage the birds and weight the lines to increase the sink rate and carry the line deeper in the H2O ( Martin 214 ) . There have already been 1700 Marine Protected Areas established in the Waterss of the United States to protect threatened species. The issues covering with by-catch and overfishing are legion. There are groups who oppose ordinance and groups who realize that without Torahs the piscaries will vanish. Even though some ordinances will impact the income of the fishermen, without ordinance at that place will non be piscaries. It is sad to read about the sum of cast-off by-catch. There are some states that utilize about all of their gimmick. As other nutrient beginnings become depleted and the universe population continues to turn, I am certain other states will happen utilizations for their gimmicks therefore extinguishing by-catch.

Significance of Financial Reporting - 1702 Words

 ¡Ã‚ ¥Significance of Financial Reporting ¡Ã‚ ¦ -An Essay Student No. : S00042472 Student Name : Janak Patel The Collapse of the Corporate Giants like Enron and WorldCom have raised the imminent question, which always remains in the back of an investor ¡Ã‚ ¦s mind,  ¡Ã‚ §Can I trust my hard earned Capital in somebody else ¡Ã‚ ¦s hand ? ¡Ã‚ ¨ This is not the first time that investors have lost their trust in companies however the fact does not change that the cost of capital from the market has increased significantly for the companies. Investors have started to invest their capital in risk free securities rather than in company stocks. Investors have also started to look with contempt and doubt at a company ¡Ã‚ ¦s financial reports because some of†¦show more content†¦Furthermore the fundamental principle of financial reporting is that the view presented by the reports should be true and fair. And further principles suggest that board of directors should aim for the highest level of disclosure of the facts which are understandable by avoiding da mage to their competitive position. They should also aim to ensure the integrity and consistency of their reports and they should also meet the letter of the reporting standards such as GAAP. Here the Investors should seek disclosure and simplicity. The more companies say about where they are making money and how they are spending their resources, the more confident investors can be about the companies fundamentals. It s even better when financial reports provide a line-of-sight view into the company s growth drivers. Transparency makes analysis easier and thus lowers an investor s risk when investing in stocks. That way you, the investor, are less likely to face unpleasant surprises. As per the views of George Bennet Stewart III of Stern Stewart Co. the current Accounting Practices are of no use in determining a company ¡Ã‚ ¦s current position. In the United States of America, President George Bush has created a new oversight board to regulated accounting standards. But according to Bennet these reforms just solves some of the problems but they do not provide a full fledge solution. Here the main problem is not with companies like Enron and World Com whoShow MoreRelatedThe Australia Holdings Pty Ltd Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesto whether or not News Australia Holdings Pty Ltd, is indeed a non-reporting entity, direct attention must be drawn to SAC1, â€Å"Definition of the Reporting Entity†, as issued by the Australian Accounting Standards Board. SAC1, defines a reporting entity, as an economic entity, in which it is expected that a substantiated group of users, rely on an entity’s general purpose financial reports. 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